![]() ![]() Transfusion associated Acute Lung Injury is a specific type of blood-product transfusion injury that occurs when the donors plasma contained antibodies against the recipient, such as anti-HLA or anti-neutrophil antibodies.Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload occurs when multiple blood transfusions or blood-products (plasma, platelets, etc.) are transfused over a short period of time.Swimming induced pulmonary edema also known as immersion pulmonary edema.Reperfusion injury, i.e., postpulmonary thromboendartectomy or lung transplantation.post large volume thoracocentesis, resolution of pneumothorax, post decortication, removal of endobronchial obstruction, effectively a form of negative pressure pulmonary oedema. Pulmonary contusion, i.e., high-energy trauma (e.g.(ALI-ARDS) cover many of these causes, but they may also include: It includes acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Neurogenic causes ( seizures, head trauma, strangulation, electrocution).Īcute lung injury may also cause pulmonary edema directly through injury to the vasculature and parenchyma of the lung.The ventricular septal shift to the left causes a left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, which further increases pulmonary hydrostatic pressures and the risk. With all this occurring, pulmonary vascular resistance increases causing a shift of the intraventricular septum. The increase in pulmonary blood volume and pressure along with a decrease in cardiac output to the lungs will increase the pulmonary transudative pressures and the risk of pulmonary edema. There is also a significant increase in left ventricular afterload, which causes a decreased cardiac output. The negative pressure causes a significant increase in preload, thereby increasing pulmonary blood volume. Negative pressure pulmonary edema has an incidence in the range of 0.05-0.1% in cases of general anesthesia. Negative pressure pulmonary edema in which a significant negative (internal) pressure in the chest (such as from an inhalation against an upper airway obstruction) ruptures capillaries and floods the alveoli with blood.Hypertensive crisis can cause pulmonary edema as the elevation in blood pressure and increased afterload on the left ventricle hinders forward flow in blood vessels and causes the elevation in wedge pressure and subsequent pulmonary edema.from kidney failure or intravenous therapy). Congestive heart failure which is due to the heart's inability to pump the blood out of the pulmonary circulation at a sufficient rate resulting in elevation in pulmonary wedge pressure and edema – this usually is due to left ventricular failure, but may also be from arrhythmias, or fluid overload, (e.g.By convention, cardiogenic specifically refers to left ventricular causes. Broadly, the causes of pulmonary edema can be divided into cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic. When directly or indirectly caused by increased left ventricular pressure, pulmonary edema may form when mean pulmonary pressure rises from the normal average of 15 mmHg to above 25 mmHg, where pulmonary fluid may form. ![]() This damage may be from direct external injuries or injuries mediated by high pressures within the pulmonary circulation. Types Ĭlassically it is cardiogenic (left ventricular) but fluid may also accumulate due to damage to the lung. The term edema is from the Greek οἴδημα ( oidēma, "swelling"), from οἰδέω ( oidéō, "(I) swell"). Pulmonary edema can cause permanent organ damage, and when sudden (acute) can lead to respiratory failure or cardiac arrest due to hypoxia. Treatment is focused on three aspects: firstly improving respiratory function, secondly, treating the underlying cause, and thirdly preventing further damage and assuring full recovery to the lung. Various laboratory tests ( CBC, troponin, BNP, etc.) and imaging studies ( chest x-ray, CT scan, ultrasound) are often used to diagnosis and classify the cause of pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema has multiple causes and is traditionally classified as cardiogenic (caused by the heart) or noncardiogenic (all other types not caused by the heart). This leads to impaired gas exchange, most often leading to dyspnea (difficulty breathing) which can progress to hypoxemia and respiratory failure. Pulmonary edema, also known as pulmonary congestion, is excessive fluid accumulation in the tissue or air spaces (usually alveoli) of the lungs. Supplemental oxygen, diuretics, treat underlying disease process Medical imaging, lab tests, ECG, echocardiography Progressive dyspnea, cough, fever, cyanosis, tachycardiaĬardiogenic, Noncardiogenic (pneumonia, inhalation injury, sepsis, airway obstruction, high altitude) Pulmonary edema with small pleural effusions on both sidesĬardiology, critical care medicine pulmonology ![]()
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